Lecture - 10 Origin, History and Cultivation of Moong bean
1. परिचय (Introduction):-
· सामान्य नाम:- मूंग, हरा चना
(Common Names:- Mung, Mungbean, Green Gram)
· वानस्पतिक नाम:- Vigna radiata
(Botanical Name:- Vigna radiata)
प्रारम्भ में मूंग का वानस्पतिक नाम Phaseolus aureus था जिसे बाद में Wilczek ने बदलकर Vigna radiata कर दिया।
(Initially mung's botanical name was Phaseolus aureus, which was later changed to Vigna radiata by Wilczek.)
· कुल:- लेग्यूमिनोसी या फैबेसी
(Family:- Leguminosae or Fabaceae)
· उपकुल:- पैपिलिओनेसी
(Sub family:- Pepilionaceae)
· गुणसूत्र संख्या:- 2n = 2x = 22
(Chromosome Numbers:- 2n = 2x = 22)
· मूंग के पौधे का मूलतंत्र गहरा होता है जो मृदा कणों को बाँधे रखने का कार्य करता है। इस प्रकार यह मृदा अपर्दन को रोकता है।
(The root system of moong plant is deep which acts to bind soil particles. Thus it prevents soil erosion.)
2. उत्पत्ति केन्द्र (Center of origin):-
· मूंग की उत्पत्ति भारत में हुई।
(Moong is the origin of India.)
· एक जंगली पूर्वज Vigna radiata var. sublobata से कृष्य जाति की उत्पत्ति हुई है।
(Cultivated species is originated from a wild ancestor Vigna radiata var. sublobata.)
3. उपजातियाँ (Sub-species):- बोस (1932) के अनुसार Vigna radiata को आगे 40 विभिन्न प्रकारों में विभाजित किया जा सकता है। यह वर्गीकरण पर्ण के आकार, पुष्प के रंग, पॉड के रंग व बीज के रंग के आधार पर किया जाता है। इनमें निम्न लक्षण या भिन्नताएँ पायी जाती हैं -
(According to Bose (1932) Vigna radiata can be further divided into 40 different types. This classification is based on the shape of the leaf, the color of the flower, the color of the pod, and the color of the seed. The following characters or differences are found in them-)
S. No. | लक्षण (Character) | भिन्नता (Variation) |
1 | पुष्प का रंग (Flower Colour) | हल्का पीला जैतूनी (Light yellowish - olive), जैतूनी पीला (Olive yellow) |
2 | पॉड का रंग (Pod Colour) | लौह धूसर (Iron grey), जैतूनी धूसर (Olive grey), तंबाकू का रंग (Snuff) |
3 | बीज का रंग (Seed Colour) | हरा (Green), काला (Black), भूरा (Brown), पीला (Yellow) |
4 | बीज की सतह (Seed surface) | मन्द (Dull), चमकदार (Shining) |
1. Introduction:-
> Green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb) is important pulse crops.
> The grains (whole or split) are used as a pulse or made into flour, and into straw and husk as fodder for cattle.
> Grains are also eaten whole (after germinating them), parched, salted, with sugar or boiled with condiments.
> The important states producing this pulse are Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
2. Climate:-
> The crop needs a well-distributed rainfall.
> Heavy rains at flowering are harmful, even moist winds at this stage interfere with fertilization.
> It is also cultivated on light or shallow stony soils to clayey soils.
4. Varieties:- 'T 1, 'T 44', 'Pusa Baisakhi', 'PS 7', 'PS 16,' 'S 8','S 9', 'Varsha (H70-16)' Hissar, ' G 65', ' Jawahar 45',' Kopergaon', ' ML 1','Ml 5',' ML 9'
5. Cultivation:-
> For the pure crop in the kharif season, the land is ploughed once or twice and harrowed to obtain a rough tilth.
> The summer crop can be sown dry in furrows in between the rows of the previous crop, followed by irrigation.
> The summer crop is sown by 15 April.
> The seed may be sown by broadcasting or it may be drilled in furrows behind a plough, or with a three-or four-coultered desi drill, in rows 20-30cm apart.
> The seed-rate varies from 15-20kg per hectare when sown alone and for mixed crop 2-6kg per hectare.
7. Fertilizer:-
> Manuring with 25-40kg per ha of phosphorus (P2O5) and 25kg per ha of nitrogen (N) should be given at the time sowing.
> Also seed treatment with biofertilizer viz. Rhizobium at the rate of 25gram per kg of seed is beneficial.
> Flowering and pod filling are the critical stages for irrigation.
9. Plant protection:-
a. Pest Management:-
i. Aphids:-
> The nymphs and adults suck the sap.
> The affected leaves turns yellow, get wrinkled and distorted.
> The insect also exude honeydew on which fungus develops, rapidly covers the plant with sooty mould that interferes with the photosynthetic activity of the plant.
> The affected leaves curl and become dry.
Control:- Spraying with 0.05% Endosulfan, 0.02% Phosphamidon, 0.03% Dimethoate, Methyl demeton or Thiometon control the pest effectively.
iii. Pod borer:-
> Caterpillars feed on tender foliage and young pods.
> They make holes in the pods and feed on developing seeds by inserting anterior half portion of their body inside the pods.
Control:-
> In early stage of attack handpicking of the caterpillars and their destruction.
> Ploughing fields after the harvest of crop would expose the pupae, which would be destroyed by birds.
> Spraying the crop with 0.05% Quinalphos or Fenitrohion can successfully control the pest.
> Spray with HaNPV @ 250 LE/ha.
> The plants are uprooted or cut with a sickle, are dried on the threshing-floor for a week or ten days and threshed by beating with sticks, and are winnowed with baskets.
> The average yield of grain from a pure crop varieties from 5-6q per ha, whereas yields up to 10-15q per ha.
