2021 Solved Old Paper (BOT

Ans.

Bajra:-

· Common Name:- Pearl millet

· Botanical Name:- Pennisetum glaucum

· Family:- Gramineae or Poaceae

Ans.

Ayurvedic Kadha for Corona:-

1. Tulsi:-

Botanical Name:- Ocimum sanctum

Family:- Lamiaceae

2. Giloy:-

Botanical Name:- Tinospora cordifolia

Family:- Menispermaceae

Ans.

Ethnobotany:- The term ethno botany was coined by J.W. Harshberger in 1895 to include the study of plants used by the primitive and aboriginal people.

Definition:- According to Schultes (1962), ethno botany is defined as the study of the relationships between the people of a primitive society and plants.

Aim and Objective:-

> Proper documentation of indigenous knowlegde about medicinal plants.

> Preservation of unwritten traditional knwoledge about herbal plants.

> Conservation of our national heritage before its extinction.

> To create awareness about its role in cultural social and health of people.

> To train people or students for utilization and conservation of medicinal plants.

> To increase in manufacture of herbal drugs.

> Research and job oppurtunities.

Scope of Ethnobotany:-

> Its scope was much eloborated by Ford(1978) and Faulk(1958).

> In recent years much work in this science has been done in the many countries e.g. India, Africa, America , France, Mexico, U.S.A. etc.

> Ethnobotany has attracted attention during last three decades.

> The scope of Ethnobotany in recent time and failure has been established with the problem of :-

i. Rural health

ii. Drugs are abuses

iii. Social customs

iv. Cottage industries

v. Conservation of ecosystems

vi. Nutrition

vii. Energy

> Recent researches on Ethnobotany have today established linkage between man y special areas like:-

i. Ethnomedicine

ii. Ethnopharmacology

iii. Ethnoveterinary

iv. Ethnonarcotics

v. Ethnobryology

vi. Ethnocosmetic

Ans.

Ethnic Groups of Rajasthan:- Ethnic Group is group of people who share a similar culture (beliefs, values, and behaviors), language, religion, ancestry, or other characteristic that is often handed down from one generation to the next.

Examples:- Rajputs, Brahmins, Jats, Muslim Settlers, Bishnois, Bhils, Minas, Gujjars, Tribals, Rebaries, Gavarias, Banjaras, Charans, Gadia Lohars

Tribe:- A social group made up of many families, clans, or generations that share the same language, customs, and beliefs.

Major tribes and their life styles:-

> Rajasthan tribals form approximately twelve percent of the total population of Rajasthan. In fact, they were the original inhabitants of the area presently called Rajasthan.

> The Bhils and the Minas are the principal tribes of Rajasthan, India.

> Amongst the smaller tribes are Sahariyas, Gaduliya Lohars and the Garasias.

> The common traits shared by the different tribes of Rajasthan link their past together.

> Each tribe is distinguished by difference in their costumes, festivals and ornaments.

Some of the main tribes of Rajasthan are:

1. Bhils:-

- Bhils, the principal tribe of Rajasthan, comprise approximately 39% of the total tribal population in Rajasthan.

- Banswara area is dominated by this tribal group.

- They were believed to be fine archers and some Bhil bowmen found a mention in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

- In order to maintain their number, the Bhils mingled with the Rajputs.

- A number of Bhils gather at the Baneshwar festival held in Dungarpur.

- They rejoice by singing and dancing at the festival.

- Yet another festive time for Bhils is Holi. Superstition is deep rooted in the Bhil culture.

2. Minas:-

- Minas, the second largest tribe in Rajasthan, dominate the area of Shekhawati and other eastern parts of Rajasthan.

- They originally resided at the Indus Valley civilization.

- Minas have tall and athletic built and sharp features including large eyes, light brown complexion and thick lips.

- Alike the Bhils, the literacy rate amongst the Minas is low.

- They are married in quite young years.

3. Gadiya Lohars:-

- Originally a martial tribe, Gadiya Lohars derived their name from the attractive bullock carts popularly called gadis.

- Nowadays, they are nomadic blacksmiths.

- They left their homeland after Maharana Pratap was ousted from Chittorgarh by Emperor Akbar.

4. Garasias:-

- Garasias, small Rajput tribe resides along the Abu Road area in southern Rajasthan.

- Marriage through elopement is an interesting custom followed by this tribal group.

5. Sahariyas:-

- Sahariyas, the jungle dwellers, are found in Kota, Dungarpur and Sawai Madhopur areas o southern Rajasthan.

- Thought to be of Bhil origin, they are considered the most backward tribe in Rajasthan.

- Hunting and fishing are the main sources of earning a livelihood.

6. Damors:- Damors, chiefly, cultivators and manual laborers migrated from Gujarat to Rajasthan and settled in the Udaipur and Dungarpur districts.

Ans.

Shifting cultivation:- It is a class of primitive subsistence agriculture. In this, a plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with soil and crops are grown. After some time, the land is abandoned and the farmers move to a different place.

> The evil effects of shifting cultivation are devastating and far-reaching in degrading the environment

and ecology of these regions.

> The earlier 15–20 year cycle of shifting cultivation on a particular land has reduced to 2–3 years now. This has resulted in largescale deforestation, soil and nutrient loss, and invasion by weeds and other

species.

> The indigenous biodiversity has been affected to a large extent.

To mitigate the environmental loss and to provide other alternatives of livelihood to the local population, we have made an attempt in this paper to suggest environmental management options for shifting cultivation areas.

Impact of shifting cultivation:- The shifting cultivation is generally practised in the following sequence:

i. Selecting a forest patch and clear fell the vegetation normally in December and January

ii. Burning of the vegetation. Small, cut-trunks portion and roots are normally not removed. The herbs, shrubs and twigs and branches (slashed vegetation) are burnt in February and March.

iii. Sowing of seeds, by dibbling, generally of cereals, vegetables and oil seeds in April – May.

iv. Continuing cultivation for a few years.

v. Abandoning the cultivated site and shifting to other forest sites

vi. Returning to the former site, and once again practise shifting cultivation on it.

- With reduction in jhum cycle from 20–30 years to 2–3 years, the land under shifting cultivation looses its nutrients and the top soil.

- With reduction in crop yield, the families start moving to other virgin areas.

- Now a stage has come that it has already affected 2.7 million ha of land, and each year 0.45 ha of land fall under shifting cultivation, in northeast India.

Controlling shifting cultivation:- Various attempts have been made by the Government to settle the tribals involved in shifting cultivation.

a. Arable land is provided to the tribals for carrying out agriculture and also to settle in the area; a few schemes are being implemented under integrated tribal development programme in the districts of Koraput, Keonjhar and Phulbani in Orissa.

- These schemes have however, not yielded the desired results perhaps because of the ignorance of the authorities about the socio-economic and agro-ecological conditions of shifting cultivation and also due

to minimal involvement of Forest Department officials, who are more informed about the above factors, in implementation of the scheme.

- Failure of the scheme led the National Commission of Agriculture to reformulate the schemes only after considering the impact of the forest management.

b. An Agroforestry project known as Nagaland Environment Protection for Economic Development (NEPED) funded by Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) through India–Canada Environment Facility (ICEF) was initiated in 1995 to make Nagaland self-sufficient in agro-forestry.

- The objectives of the project were:

i. Identification of trees by local tribes and demonstration of method leading to more sustainable resource management;

ii. Addressing people’s need, and evolving better management systems;

iii. Promoting marketing initiatives.

- Under this project, experienced Government officials convince the villagers to set aside 6 ha of land, known as test plot, in jhum areas for over two-and-half years.

- Owner of this plot is required to plant 1200 seedlings, along with usual crop, under supervision of village council and project team.

- These test plots become open school-cum-research station, as well as demonstration plots to teach new technology.

- Thus, NEPED project does not aim at eliminating jhum cultivation, but making it more stable and profitable.

- This novel project may give us a more scientific way to tackle tribal–forest conflict.

Strategies:-

i. Providing employment opportunities and income generation on a regular basis through proper utilization of the land resources, i.e. by equitable distribution of waste land among the tribals. But, the various schemes of the Government, under the tribal plan, will have to pump in sufficient resources for proper reclamation and development of the wasteland through agro-forestry and silvi-pasture practices.

ii. By encouraging cooperative efforts for carrying out forest-based activities, i.e. basket making, rope making, cane furniture processing of minor forest produce, honey collection, etc. have to be made commercially viable by providing proper marketing facilities. This will not only discourage tribals from practising shifting cultivation but will also help them monetarily.

iii. By forming Village Forest Committees for the protection and development of the degraded forests. These committies by providing suitable incentives to the tribals, after the time of harvest can divert some of the tribals away from the shifting cultivation. Generating employment opportunities during the lean season of forestry operations will also prevent tribals from shifting to other areas. Employing the tribals for collection of kendu leaves and sal seeds and also involving the tribals in the various rural employment schemes is also the need of the hour.

iv. By ensuring implementation of total literacy campaign; which due to remoteness and un-supportive attitude of tribals, has not been successful. For educating tribal women and children, services of various non-Governmental organizations and voluntary agencies, besides the regular Government machinery, are on required sustainable basis rather than with a targeted approach.

Ans.

Centers of origin of Cultivated plants:-

• According to De Candolle (1886):-

i. Cultivated plants originate from wild plants.

ii. Cultivated plants originate in those geographical area in which their wild relatives are found.

iii. De Candolle published a book:- "Origin of Cultivated Plants"

• N. I. Vavilov (1887 - 1943):-

i. He was a Russian Geneticist and Agronomist.

ii. He continued research on center of origin up to 10 years from 1920 to 1930.

iii. According to Vavilov, plant diversities are found in a geographical are isolated by hills, desert and rivers.

• Definition:- A geographical area which has maximum diversity of a plant species, called as center of origin.

Types of centers of origin:-

• Primary Center of Origin:- A geographical area which has maximum diversity as well as wild relatives of a plant species, called as primary center of origin.

• Secondary Center of Origin:- A geographical area which has maximum diversity of a plant species, but do not have wild relatives, called as secondary center of origin.

• Diversity centers are restricted between 20°N and 45°S on both side of equator.

8 Centers of Origin:- Vavilov made 8 centers of origin -

i. China:- It is largest and oldest center of origin. 136 plants originate in China.

ii. Indian Center:- This center is further divided into 2 sub-centers-

• Indo - Burma:- It includes India and Burma. 136 plants originate in this sub-center.

• Indo - Malaya:- It includes Java, Sumatra, Malaya and Philippines. 55 plants originate in this sub-center.

iii. Central Asia:- It includes Punjab, Jammu - Kashmir, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 43 plants originate in this center.

iv. Minor Asia (Near Eastern) (Persian Center):- It is also called as fertile crescent of Mesopotamia. It includes Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Israel. 83 plants originate in this center.

v. Mediterranean Center:- It includes Portugal, Spain, France, Austria and Italy. 84 plants originate in this center.

vi. Ethiopian Center (Abyssinian Center):- It includes African country Ethiopia and hilly country Eritrea. 38 plants originate in this center.

Note:- Above 6 centers are collectively known as "Old World".

vii. Central America (Mesoamerican Center) (Mexican Center):- It includes south Mexico. 49 plants originate in this center.

viii. South America:- It includes Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Brazil . 62 plants originate in this center.

Note:- Last 2 centers are collectively known as "New World".

Ans.

Origin of Rice:-

1. Introduction:-

· Common Name:- Paddy, Rice

· Botanical Name:- Oryza sativa

· Family:- Poaceae or Gramineae

· Chromosome Numbers:- 2n = 2x = 24

2. Species:- Genus Oryza has total 24 species. 22 species are wild and 2 species are cultivated. Cultivated species are:-

a. Oryza sativa:-

· This is main cultivated species.

· It is cultivated all over the world.

· It has 3 main sub - species:-

i. indica:- In warm areas

ii. japonica:- In cold areas

iii. javanica:- In intermediate areas (In Indonesia)

· Above mentioned sub - species have morphological, physiological and genetic variations.

b. Oryza glaberrima:-

· It occurs in warm areas.

· It is cultivated in West Africa.

· Gradually, it is being replaced by the Oryza sativa species.

3. Center of Origin:-

· Oryza sativa is also called as "Asian Rice" because it originated in south Asia and South East Asia. It is originated from a perennial wild species 'Oryza rufipogon'.

· Oryza glaberrima is also called as "African Rice" because it originated in West Africa.

Cultivation of Rice:- Rice, Oryza sativa, the staple food of majority of the Indians, is grown practically all over India.

1. Cultivation Area:- The major states of rice cultivation are West Bengal, Bihar, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Assam.

2. Soil:- Rice grows well in clays or clay-loams. For normal growth of the crop soil pH between 5 to 8.5 is suitable.

3. Climate:- Following climatic conditions are suitable for rice cultivation:

4. Cropping Season:- Depending on the type of rice, cropping season vary:

5. Rotation:- Rice is grown in rotations with jute, wheat, potato, pulses, oil-seeds, vegetables, etc.

6. Preparation of Land:-

> The preparation of land depends upon whether the crop is to be grown under the ‘dry’, ‘semi-dry’ or the ‘wet’ system.

> In dry-system, the land is ploughed well; weeds and stubbles are collected and burnt; manures are applied well in advance before sowing.

> In wet-system, the land is irrigated before sowing and then ploughed in standing water. Finally ladder is used to level the field.

7. Sowing:-

> Under dry-system of cultivation improved, pure, viable seeds are sown directly by broadcasting or drilling in lines.

> For broadcasting, seed rate varies from 80-100 kg/ha and for line sowing from 60-70 kg/ha.

> In wet-system of cultivation, the crop is generally grown by transplantation.

> For transplanted crops, the seedlings are raised in nurseries.

> Generally 2-3 seedlings of 3-5 weeks age are transplanted in each hill.

> Normally early varieties are planted 20 cm from line to line and 10-15 cm from plant to plant, while medium and late varieties are planted with 20 cm x 15 cm and 23 cm x 23 cm spacing’s respectively.

The sowing time for different types of rice is as follows:

8. Manuring:-

> Chemical fertilizers and organic manures are equally important for rice cultivation.

> Nitrogen, either in organic or inorganic form, is the best manure for rice.

> Farmyards manure, compost, oil-cakes, fish manure and green twigs are commonly used in India.

> 10-15 tonnes of well-rotted farmyard manure/ha is recommended at the time of land preparation.

9. After-care:-

> In field, water is allowed to stand a depth of 1.2-2.5 cm until transplanted seedlings are well established. After this, 5 cm of water with frequent draining and re-irrigation is maintained in the field till 1 or 2 weeks before harvesting. Few weeding should be given and soil near roots of plants should be stirred.

10. Disease and Control:- Important rice diseases and their controlling measures are as follows:

Pest and control: Important rice pests and their control are:

11. Pest and Controlling Measures:- Important rice pests and their control are:

12. Harvesting:- The crop is harvested when the ‘ears’ are nearly ripe and the colour of the straw is still slightly green. Crop is cut with sickles, dried in the field for 2-4 days and stacked in the threshing yard.

The harvesting time for different types of rice is as follows:

13. Threshing:- The crop is then threshed either with sticks or by beating against a wooden log or by treading the entire crop under foot of bullocks or by pedal and power threshers. Finally husk is removed by pounding method or by rice hullers.

14. Storage:- Cleaned un-husked paddy is dried and stored in jute bags and granaries.

15. Yield:- The yield of paddy varies according to the type:

Improvement of Rice:-

1. Pollination:-

Ø Each spikelet remains open for 30 minutes and then closes.

Ø Immediately after the opening of the spiky, dehiscence of anthers takes place.

Ø The receptiveness of the stigma lasts for a day.

Ø There is air pollination or anemophilly occurs in the paddy, so it has versatile anthers.

Ø Paddy is a self-pollinated crop. It has less than 2% cross pollination.

2. Breeding Objectives:-

a. Higher Yield:- In paddy yield depends on 4 factors -

i. Length of panicle

ii. Number of grains per panicle

iii. Test weight

iv. Number of panicles in per unit area

b. Quality of Grains:- The export of fragrant Basmati paddy is of greater economic importance. Quality has 3 characteristics -

i. Cooking Quality

ii. Milling Quality

iii. Processing Quality

c. Disease Resistance:- Several types of diseases can occur in the paddy crop which can cause economic loss. Developing resistance against these diseases is also objective of plant breeding.

i. Blast

ii. Leaf Blight

iii. Stem rot

iv. Brown spot

v. Virus diseases:- Rice Tungro Virus, Grassy Stunt Virus

d. Insect Resistance:- Several types of insect pests can cause damage to the paddy crop which leads to economic loss. Hence one objective is to generate resistance against these insect pests.

i. Stem Borer

ii. Brown Plant Hopper

iii. Gall Midge

iv. Rice Gundhi Bug

v. Rice Mealy Bug

e. Hybrid Rice:- Development of hybrid rice is a major part of Rice Breeding Program in India.

f. Improved Plant Type:- Efforts are being made to develop more efficient ideotypes in IRRI Philippines and Japan.

3. Breeding Methods:-

a. Introduction:-

· IR – 8:- Imported from IRRI, Philippines to India (1968)

· Ch – 1039:- Imported from China to Kashmir

· Norin – 18:- Imported from Japan to Himachal Pardesh

· Mahsuri:- Imported from Malasia to Andhra pardesh

b. Pure line Selection:-

· SR26B:- Salt resistant variety

· FR43B:- Flood tolerant variety

c. Mutation Breeding:-

· Mutagens:- EMS, NMH, NEH, EI, EO

EMS = Ethyl Methane Sulfonate

NMH = n - nitroso - N - methylurea

NEH = n - nitroso - N - ethylurea

EI = Ethylene Imine

EO = Ethylene Oxide

· Procedure:- The seeds are soaked in water for 20 hours. Then immerse the seeds in a mutagen solution for 8 hours. After that, their seed treatment is done.

· Main varieties developed in India: -

i. IIT – 48

ii. IIT – 60

iii. Jagannath

d. Heterosis Breeding:-

· Varieties developed in china:-

i. Shan You 63 (35%)

ii. Shan You 64 (6%)

iii. V – 64 (4%)

· Varieties developed on IARI in India: -

i. Pusa RRH – 10

ii. Basmati – 370

iii. Pusa – 150, 443, 449, 506, 523

iv. Pusa Basmati – 1121 (Variety developed for the state of Delhi in 2003)

v. Unnat Pusa Basmati – 1 (Bacteria resistant variety developed in 2007)

vi. Pusa Basmati – 6 (Anti-collapse variety developed in 2008)

vii. Pusa Sugandh – 2, 3, 5 (Early maturing varieties)

e. Variety Hybridization:-

· This is the most popular and the most successful method.

· In this, one variety is hybridized with another.

· In this, the cross of the indigenous variety is made with the exotic variety.

· In this, mostly pedigree method and sometimes back cross method is used.

· Examples:- Birsa Dhaan - 12, CSR - 10, Shakuntala, Jitendra, Punendra, Chenav, Mahamaya, Nidhi

f. Distant Hybridization:-

· This method is used to transfer disease resistant genes into crop plants.

· In this method,the cultivated species is crossed with the wild species.

· Example: - For tungro virus resistant, the cultivated species Oryza sativa is hybridized with wild species Oryza nivara.

g. Cellular and Molecular Breeding:-

· The IR49830 - 7 variety has been developed by transferring the Sab - 1 gene from donor variety FR - 13A into the receptive variety Swarna. The IR49830 - 7 variety has submerged resistance property.

· Other varieties: - Mehsoorie, Savitri

4. Golden Rice:-

· It was developed by the German scientist Ingo Potrykus.

· It is transgenic plant.

· It is made by transferring β - carotene to the endosperm of the paddy seeds. β - Carotene is a precursor of Vitamin - A, also known as Provitamin - A. β - Carotene is yellow in color which gives yellow or golden color to paddy seeds.

5. Research Institutes:-

· NRRI (National Rice Research Institute):- Cuttack (Odisha)

· IIRR (Indian Institute of Rice Research):- Hyderabad (Telangana)

· IRRI (International Rice Research Institute):- Los Banos (Philippines)